Update nitrokey crate to 0.4.0-alpha.3

This change updates the version of the nitrokey crate that we use to
0.4.0-alpha.3. This version is the supposedly last pre-release before
0.4.0, with no further major anticipated changes.
In order to integrate with this new version we have to adjust the way we
connect to a Nitrokey device by funneling those connection requests
through a global manager object. The rationale behind that step being
that the underlying libnitrokey actually cannot handle access of
multiple devices at the same time, and so the manager object is used to
prevent accidental wrong concurrent usage.
Because a device object now effectively keeps a reference to the
manager, we need to provide an additional lifetime to that and derived
objects.
Lastly, the use of a manager is also the reason why the tests had to be
adjusted to no longer accept device objects in their signatures, but
only the respective model for which to invoke the test. That is required
because, as elaborated earlier on, having a device object implies having
taken a reference to a manager (in that case owned by nitrokey-test),
and that reference clashes with the nitrocli code itself attempting to
take the manager. We side step this problem by merely accepting a Model
object, which can be passed around independently of the manager itself,
meaning that nitrokey-test does not need to hold such a reference while
the test is run.

Import subrepo nitrokey/:nitrokey at f150d59410eefdec2ae69b2422906a3d1d88aa07
Import subrepo nitrokey-sys/:nitrokey-sys at 8695e2c762807e033a86c8d03974b686d20cdd72
Import subrepo lazy-static/:lazy-static at b4b2b16aaa79dd7548e288455a0dbe4065bf4e1a

19 files changed, 1026 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lazy-static/.gitignore b/lazy-static/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bde55ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+target
+doc
+Cargo.lock
+.cargo
diff --git a/lazy-static/.travis.yml b/lazy-static/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4c3c74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+language: rust
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - rust: 1.24.1
+    - rust: stable
+      script:
+        - cargo test
+        - cargo test --features spin_no_std
+    - os: osx
+    - rust: beta
+    - rust: nightly
+      script:
+        - cargo test
+        - cargo bench
+        - cargo test --features spin_no_std
+        - cargo bench --features spin_no_std
+        - cd compiletest
+        - cargo clean
+        - cargo test
+        - cd ../
+
+    - rust: nightly
+      before_script:
+        - pip install 'travis-cargo<0.2' --user && export PATH=$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH
+      script:
+        - cargo doc --no-deps --all-features
+      after_success:
+        - travis-cargo --only nightly doc-upload
+script:
+  - cargo test
+
+env:
+  global:
+  - secure: YXu24LptjeYirjWYjWGsMT2m3mB7LvQATE6TVo7VEUXv8GYoy2ORIHD83PeImxC93MmZ01QeUezRzuCW51ZcK92VnNSBttlF60SvIX18VsJrV92tsAhievFstqYQ+fB8DIuQ8noU0jPz7GpI+R9dlTRSImAqWOnVIghA+Wzz7Js=
diff --git a/lazy-static/Cargo.toml b/lazy-static/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..679f5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+[package]
+name = "lazy_static"
+# NB: When modifying, also modify html_root_url in lib.rs
+version = "1.2.0"
+authors = ["Marvin Löbel <loebel.marvin@gmail.com>"]
+license = "MIT/Apache-2.0"
+
+description = "A macro for declaring lazily evaluated statics in Rust."
+readme = "README.md"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/lazy_static"
+
+repository = "https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs"
+keywords = ["macro", "lazy", "static"]
+categories = [ "no-std", "rust-patterns", "memory-management" ]
+exclude = ["/.travis.yml", "/appveyor.yml"]
+
+[dependencies.spin]
+version = "0.4.10"
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+features = ["once"]
+
+[features]
+nightly = []
+spin_no_std = ["spin"]
+
+[badges]
+appveyor = { repository = "rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs" }
+travis-ci = { repository = "rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs" }
+
+is-it-maintained-issue-resolution = { repository = "rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs" }
+is-it-maintained-open-issues = { repository = "rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs" }
+
+maintenance = { status = "passively-maintained" }
diff --git a/lazy-static/LICENSE-APACHE b/lazy-static/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16fe87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
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+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
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+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
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+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
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+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
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+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
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+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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diff --git a/lazy-static/LICENSE-MIT b/lazy-static/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25597d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2010 The Rust Project Developers
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/lazy-static/README.md b/lazy-static/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d96cdf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+lazy-static.rs
+==============
+
+A macro for declaring lazily evaluated statics in Rust.
+
+Using this macro, it is possible to have `static`s that require code to be
+executed at runtime in order to be initialized.
+This includes anything requiring heap allocations, like vectors or hash maps,
+as well as anything that requires non-const function calls to be computed.
+
+[![Travis-CI Status](https://travis-ci.org/rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs)
+[![Latest version](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/lazy_static.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/lazy_static)
+[![Documentation](https://docs.rs/lazy_static/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/lazy_static)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/lazy_static.svg)](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/lazy-static.rs#license)
+
+## Minimum supported `rustc`
+
+`1.24.1+`
+
+This version is explicitly tested in CI and may only be bumped in new minor versions. Any changes to the supported minimum version will be called out in the release notes.
+
+
+# Getting Started
+
+[lazy-static.rs is available on crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/lazy_static).
+It is recommended to look there for the newest released version, as well as links to the newest builds of the docs.
+
+At the point of the last update of this README, the latest published version could be used like this:
+
+Add the following dependency to your Cargo manifest...
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+lazy_static = "1.2.0"
+```
+
+...and see the [docs](https://docs.rs/lazy_static) for how to use it.
+
+# Example
+
+```rust
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref HASHMAP: HashMap<u32, &'static str> = {
+        let mut m = HashMap::new();
+        m.insert(0, "foo");
+        m.insert(1, "bar");
+        m.insert(2, "baz");
+        m
+    };
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // First access to `HASHMAP` initializes it
+    println!("The entry for `0` is \"{}\".", HASHMAP.get(&0).unwrap());
+
+    // Any further access to `HASHMAP` just returns the computed value
+    println!("The entry for `1` is \"{}\".", HASHMAP.get(&1).unwrap());
+}
+```
+
+## License
+
+Licensed under either of
+
+ * Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
+ * MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+at your option.
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any
+additional terms or conditions.
diff --git a/lazy-static/appveyor.yml b/lazy-static/appveyor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b138452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/appveyor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+environment:
+  global:
+    PROJECT_NAME: lazy_static
+    # When this was added there were revocation check failures when using the
+    # libcurl backend as libcurl checks by default, but rustup doesn't provide the
+    # switch to turn this off. Switch to Hyper which looks to not check for
+    # revocation by default like libcurl does.
+    RUSTUP_USE_REQWEST: 1
+    CARGO_HTTP_CHECK_REVOKE: false
+  matrix:
+    # Stable channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: stable
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: stable
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: stable
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: stable
+    # Beta channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: beta
+    # Nightly channel
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: nightly
+    - TARGET: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: nightly
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
+      CHANNEL: nightly
+    - TARGET: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+      CHANNEL: nightly
+
+# Install Rust and Cargo
+# (Based on from https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/blob/master/appveyor.yml)
+install:
+  - appveyor-retry appveyor DownloadFile https://win.rustup.rs/ -FileName rustup-init.exe
+  - rustup-init.exe -y --default-toolchain %CHANNEL% --default-host %TARGET%
+  - set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Users\appveyor\.cargo\bin
+  - if "%TARGET%" == "i686-pc-windows-gnu" set PATH=%PATH%;C:\msys64\mingw32\bin
+  - if "%TARGET%" == "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" set PATH=%PATH%;C:\msys64\mingw64\bin
+  - rustc -V
+  - cargo -V
+
+build: false
+
+test_script:
+  - cargo build --verbose
+  - cargo test
+  - if [%CHANNEL%]==[nightly] (
+      cd compiletest &&
+      cargo clean &&
+      cargo build --verbose &&
+      cargo test &&
+      cd ../
+    )
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/Cargo.toml b/lazy-static/compiletest/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e25d5a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "lazy_static_compiletest"
+version = "0.0.1"
+publish = false
+authors = ["lazy_static contributors"]
+
+[dependencies.lazy_static]
+path = "../"
+
+[dependencies.compiletest_rs]
+version = "0.3"
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/src/lib.rs b/lazy-static/compiletest/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0452765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/*
+This library is a shim around `lazy_static` that disambiguates it with the `lazy_static`
+that's shipped with the Rust toolchain. We re-export the entire public API of `lazy_static`
+under a different crate name so that can be imported in the compile tests.
+
+This currently appears to use the right local build of `lazy_static`.
+*/
+
+extern crate lazy_static;
+
+pub use self::lazy_static::*;
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/README.md b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58dbc3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+This directory contains snippets of code that should yield a
+warning/note/help/error at compilation. Syntax of annotations is described in
+[rust documentation](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/src/test/COMPILER_TESTS.md).
+For more information check out [`compiletest` crate](https://github.com/laumann/compiletest-rs).
+
+To run compile tests issue `cargo +nightly --test`.
+
+## Notes on working with `compiletest` crate
+
+* Currently code that is inside macro should not be annotated, as `compiletest`
+    crate cannot deal with the fact that macro invocations effectively changes
+    line numbering. To prevent this add a `// error-pattern:<your error message here>`
+    on the top of the file and make sure that you set `deny` lint level
+    if you want to test compiler message different than error.
+* `compiletest` crate by default sets `allow(dead_code)` lint level so make sure
+    that you change it to something suiting your needs even if the warning is
+    issued prior to any macro invocation.
+* If you get a message `error: 0 unexpected errors found, 1 expected errors not found`
+  despite the fact that some error was bound to occur don't worry - it's a known
+  issue in the `compiletest` crate and your error was probably not registered -
+  make sure that your annotations are correct and that you are setting correct
+  lint levels.
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/incorrect_visibility_restriction.rs b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/incorrect_visibility_restriction.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..360e23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/incorrect_visibility_restriction.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// incorrect visibility restriction
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static_compiletest as lazy_static;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    pub(nonsense) static ref WRONG: () = ();
+    //~^ ERROR incorrect visibility restriction
+}
+
+fn main() { }
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/static_is_private.rs b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/static_is_private.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ebc8f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/static_is_private.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static_compiletest as lazy_static;
+
+mod outer {
+    pub mod inner {
+        lazy_static! {
+            pub(in outer) static ref FOO: () = ();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert_eq!(*outer::inner::FOO, ()); //~ ERROR static `FOO` is private
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/static_is_sized.rs b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/static_is_sized.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac1cad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile-fail/static_is_sized.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// error-pattern:the size for values of type `str` cannot be known at compilation time
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static_compiletest as lazy_static;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    pub static ref FOO: str = panic!();
+}
+
+
+fn main() {
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile_tests.rs b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d908077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/compiletest/tests/compile_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+extern crate compiletest_rs as compiletest;
+
+fn run_mode(mode: &'static str) {
+    let mut config = compiletest::Config::default();
+    config.mode = mode.parse().expect("Invalid mode");
+    config.src_base = ["tests", mode].iter().collect();
+
+    config.verbose = true;
+
+    config.target_rustcflags = Some("-L target/debug/ -L target/debug/deps/".to_owned());
+    config.clean_rmeta();
+
+    compiletest::run_tests(&config);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn compile_test() {
+    run_mode("compile-fail");
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/src/core_lazy.rs b/lazy-static/src/core_lazy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b66c3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/src/core_lazy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2016 lazy-static.rs Developers
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license <LICENSE-MIT or
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option. This file may not be
+// copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
+
+extern crate spin;
+
+use self::spin::Once;
+
+pub struct Lazy<T: Sync>(Once<T>);
+
+impl<T: Sync> Lazy<T> {
+    pub const INIT: Self = Lazy(Once::INIT);
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get<F>(&'static self, builder: F) -> &T
+        where F: FnOnce() -> T
+    {
+        self.0.call_once(builder)
+    }
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! __lazy_static_create {
+    ($NAME:ident, $T:ty) => {
+        static $NAME: $crate::lazy::Lazy<$T> = $crate::lazy::Lazy::INIT;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/src/inline_lazy.rs b/lazy-static/src/inline_lazy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..268dd45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/src/inline_lazy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright 2016 lazy-static.rs Developers
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license <LICENSE-MIT or
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option. This file may not be
+// copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
+
+extern crate core;
+extern crate std;
+
+use self::std::prelude::v1::*;
+use self::std::cell::Cell;
+use self::std::sync::Once;
+pub use self::std::sync::ONCE_INIT;
+
+// FIXME: Replace Option<T> with MaybeInitialized<T>
+pub struct Lazy<T: Sync>(Cell<Option<T>>, Once);
+
+impl<T: Sync> Lazy<T> {
+    pub const INIT: Self = Lazy(Cell::new(None), ONCE_INIT);
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn get<F>(&'static self, f: F) -> &T
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> T,
+    {
+        self.1.call_once(|| {
+            self.0.set(Some(f()));
+        });
+
+        // `self.0` is guaranteed to be `Some` by this point
+        // The `Once` will catch and propegate panics
+        unsafe {
+            match *self.0.as_ptr() {
+                Some(ref x) => x,
+                None => {
+                    debug_assert!(false, "attempted to derefence an uninitialized lazy static. This is a bug");
+
+                    unreachable_unchecked()
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for Lazy<T> {}
+
+#[macro_export]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! __lazy_static_create {
+    ($NAME:ident, $T:ty) => {
+        static $NAME: $crate::lazy::Lazy<$T> = $crate::lazy::Lazy::INIT;
+    };
+}
+
+/// Polyfill for std::hint::unreachable_unchecked. There currently exists a
+/// [crate](https://docs.rs/unreachable) for an equivalent to std::hint::unreachable_unchecked, but
+/// lazy_static currently doesn't include any runtime dependencies and we've chosen to include this
+/// short polyfill rather than include a new crate in every consumer's build.
+///
+/// This should be replaced by std's version when lazy_static starts to require at least Rust 1.27.
+unsafe fn unreachable_unchecked() -> ! {
+    enum Void {}
+    match std::mem::uninitialized::<Void>() {}
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/src/lib.rs b/lazy-static/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42dc405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+// Copyright 2016 lazy-static.rs Developers
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license <LICENSE-MIT or
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option. This file may not be
+// copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
+
+/*!
+A macro for declaring lazily evaluated statics.
+
+Using this macro, it is possible to have `static`s that require code to be
+executed at runtime in order to be initialized.
+This includes anything requiring heap allocations, like vectors or hash maps,
+as well as anything that requires function calls to be computed.
+
+# Syntax
+
+```ignore
+lazy_static! {
+    [pub] static ref NAME_1: TYPE_1 = EXPR_1;
+    [pub] static ref NAME_2: TYPE_2 = EXPR_2;
+    ...
+    [pub] static ref NAME_N: TYPE_N = EXPR_N;
+}
+```
+
+Attributes (including doc comments) are supported as well:
+
+```rust
+# #[macro_use]
+# extern crate lazy_static;
+# fn main() {
+lazy_static! {
+    /// This is an example for using doc comment attributes
+    static ref EXAMPLE: u8 = 42;
+}
+# }
+```
+
+# Semantics
+
+For a given `static ref NAME: TYPE = EXPR;`, the macro generates a unique type that
+implements `Deref<TYPE>` and stores it in a static with name `NAME`. (Attributes end up
+attaching to this type.)
+
+On first deref, `EXPR` gets evaluated and stored internally, such that all further derefs
+can return a reference to the same object. Note that this can lead to deadlocks
+if you have multiple lazy statics that depend on each other in their initialization.
+
+Apart from the lazy initialization, the resulting "static ref" variables
+have generally the same properties as regular "static" variables:
+
+- Any type in them needs to fulfill the `Sync` trait.
+- If the type has a destructor, then it will not run when the process exits.
+
+# Example
+
+Using the macro:
+
+```rust
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref HASHMAP: HashMap<u32, &'static str> = {
+        let mut m = HashMap::new();
+        m.insert(0, "foo");
+        m.insert(1, "bar");
+        m.insert(2, "baz");
+        m
+    };
+    static ref COUNT: usize = HASHMAP.len();
+    static ref NUMBER: u32 = times_two(21);
+}
+
+fn times_two(n: u32) -> u32 { n * 2 }
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("The map has {} entries.", *COUNT);
+    println!("The entry for `0` is \"{}\".", HASHMAP.get(&0).unwrap());
+    println!("A expensive calculation on a static results in: {}.", *NUMBER);
+}
+```
+
+# Implementation details
+
+The `Deref` implementation uses a hidden static variable that is guarded by an atomic check on each access.
+
+# Cargo features
+
+This crate provides two cargo features:
+
+- `nightly`: This uses unstable language features only available on the nightly release channel for a more optimal implementation. In practice this currently means avoiding a heap allocation per static. This feature might get deprecated at a later point once all relevant optimizations are usable from stable.
+- `spin_no_std` (implies `nightly`): This allows using this crate in a no-std environment, by depending on the standalone `spin` crate.
+
+Both features depend on unstable language features, which means
+no guarantees can be made about them in regard to SemVer stability.
+
+*/
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/lazy_static/1.2.0")]
+#![no_std]
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "spin_no_std"))]
+#[path="inline_lazy.rs"]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod lazy;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "spin_no_std")]
+#[path="core_lazy.rs"]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod lazy;
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use core::ops::Deref as __Deref;
+
+#[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+macro_rules! __lazy_static_internal {
+    // optional visibility restrictions are wrapped in `()` to allow for
+    // explicitly passing otherwise implicit information about private items
+    ($(#[$attr:meta])* ($($vis:tt)*) static ref $N:ident : $T:ty = $e:expr; $($t:tt)*) => {
+        __lazy_static_internal!(@MAKE TY, $(#[$attr])*, ($($vis)*), $N);
+        __lazy_static_internal!(@TAIL, $N : $T = $e);
+        lazy_static!($($t)*);
+    };
+    (@TAIL, $N:ident : $T:ty = $e:expr) => {
+        impl $crate::__Deref for $N {
+            type Target = $T;
+            fn deref(&self) -> &$T {
+                #[inline(always)]
+                fn __static_ref_initialize() -> $T { $e }
+
+                #[inline(always)]
+                fn __stability() -> &'static $T {
+                    __lazy_static_create!(LAZY, $T);
+                    LAZY.get(__static_ref_initialize)
+                }
+                __stability()
+            }
+        }
+        impl $crate::LazyStatic for $N {
+            fn initialize(lazy: &Self) {
+                let _ = &**lazy;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // `vis` is wrapped in `()` to prevent parsing ambiguity
+    (@MAKE TY, $(#[$attr:meta])*, ($($vis:tt)*), $N:ident) => {
+        #[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
+        #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        $(#[$attr])*
+        $($vis)* struct $N {__private_field: ()}
+        #[doc(hidden)]
+        $($vis)* static $N: $N = $N {__private_field: ()};
+    };
+    () => ()
+}
+
+#[macro_export(local_inner_macros)]
+macro_rules! lazy_static {
+    ($(#[$attr:meta])* static ref $N:ident : $T:ty = $e:expr; $($t:tt)*) => {
+        // use `()` to explicitly forward the information about private items
+        __lazy_static_internal!($(#[$attr])* () static ref $N : $T = $e; $($t)*);
+    };
+    ($(#[$attr:meta])* pub static ref $N:ident : $T:ty = $e:expr; $($t:tt)*) => {
+        __lazy_static_internal!($(#[$attr])* (pub) static ref $N : $T = $e; $($t)*);
+    };
+    ($(#[$attr:meta])* pub ($($vis:tt)+) static ref $N:ident : $T:ty = $e:expr; $($t:tt)*) => {
+        __lazy_static_internal!($(#[$attr])* (pub ($($vis)+)) static ref $N : $T = $e; $($t)*);
+    };
+    () => ()
+}
+
+/// Support trait for enabling a few common operation on lazy static values.
+///
+/// This is implemented by each defined lazy static, and
+/// used by the free functions in this crate.
+pub trait LazyStatic {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn initialize(lazy: &Self);
+}
+
+/// Takes a shared reference to a lazy static and initializes
+/// it if it has not been already.
+///
+/// This can be used to control the initialization point of a lazy static.
+///
+/// Example:
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// #[macro_use]
+/// extern crate lazy_static;
+///
+/// lazy_static! {
+///     static ref BUFFER: Vec<u8> = (0..65537).collect();
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     lazy_static::initialize(&BUFFER);
+///
+///     // ...
+///     work_with_initialized_data(&BUFFER);
+/// }
+/// # fn work_with_initialized_data(_: &[u8]) {}
+/// ```
+pub fn initialize<T: LazyStatic>(lazy: &T) {
+    LazyStatic::initialize(lazy);
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/tests/no_std.rs b/lazy-static/tests/no_std.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f94a1aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/tests/no_std.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#![cfg(feature="spin_no_std")]
+
+#![no_std]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    /// Documentation!
+    pub static ref NUMBER: u32 = times_two(3);
+}
+
+fn times_two(n: u32) -> u32 {
+    n * 2
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic() {
+    assert_eq!(*NUMBER, 6);
+}
diff --git a/lazy-static/tests/test.rs b/lazy-static/tests/test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..654abc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lazy-static/tests/test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate lazy_static;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    /// Documentation!
+    pub static ref NUMBER: u32 = times_two(3);
+
+    static ref ARRAY_BOXES: [Box<u32>; 3] = [Box::new(1), Box::new(2), Box::new(3)];
+
+    /// More documentation!
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+    pub static ref STRING: String = "hello".to_string();
+
+    static ref HASHMAP: HashMap<u32, &'static str> = {
+        let mut m = HashMap::new();
+        m.insert(0, "abc");
+        m.insert(1, "def");
+        m.insert(2, "ghi");
+        m
+    };
+
+    // This should not compile if the unsafe is removed.
+    static ref UNSAFE: u32 = unsafe {
+        std::mem::transmute::<i32, u32>(-1)
+    };
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref S1: &'static str = "a";
+    static ref S2: &'static str = "b";
+}
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref S3: String = [*S1, *S2].join("");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn s3() {
+    assert_eq!(&*S3, "ab");
+}
+
+fn times_two(n: u32) -> u32 {
+    n * 2
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic() {
+    assert_eq!(&**STRING, "hello");
+    assert_eq!(*NUMBER, 6);
+    assert!(HASHMAP.get(&1).is_some());
+    assert!(HASHMAP.get(&3).is_none());
+    assert_eq!(&*ARRAY_BOXES, &[Box::new(1), Box::new(2), Box::new(3)]);
+    assert_eq!(*UNSAFE, std::u32::MAX);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_repeat() {
+    assert_eq!(*NUMBER, 6);
+    assert_eq!(*NUMBER, 6);
+    assert_eq!(*NUMBER, 6);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_meta() {
+    // this would not compile if STRING were not marked #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+    let copy_of_string = STRING;
+    // just to make sure it was copied
+    assert!(&STRING as *const _ != &copy_of_string as *const _);
+
+    // this would not compile if STRING were not marked #[derive(Debug)]
+    assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", STRING), "STRING { __private_field: () }".to_string());
+}
+
+mod visibility {
+    lazy_static! {
+        pub static ref FOO: Box<u32> = Box::new(0);
+        static ref BAR: Box<u32> = Box::new(98);
+    }
+
+    pub mod inner {
+        lazy_static! {
+            pub(in visibility) static ref BAZ: Box<u32> = Box::new(42);
+            pub(crate) static ref BAG: Box<u32> = Box::new(37);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sub_test() {
+        assert_eq!(**FOO, 0);
+        assert_eq!(**BAR, 98);
+        assert_eq!(**inner::BAZ, 42);
+        assert_eq!(**inner::BAG, 37);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_visibility() {
+    assert_eq!(*visibility::FOO, Box::new(0));
+    assert_eq!(*visibility::inner::BAG, Box::new(37));
+}
+
+// This should not cause a warning about a missing Copy implementation
+lazy_static! {
+    pub static ref VAR: i32 = { 0 };
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct X;
+struct Once(X);
+const ONCE_INIT: Once = Once(X);
+static DATA: X = X;
+static ONCE: X = X;
+fn require_sync() -> X { X }
+fn transmute() -> X { X }
+fn __static_ref_initialize() -> X { X }
+fn test(_: Vec<X>) -> X { X }
+
+// All these names should not be shadowed
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref ITEM_NAME_TEST: X = {
+        test(vec![X, Once(X).0, ONCE_INIT.0, DATA, ONCE,
+                  require_sync(), transmute(),
+                  // Except this, which will sadly be shadowed by internals:
+                  // __static_ref_initialize()
+                  ])
+    };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn item_name_shadowing() {
+    assert_eq!(*ITEM_NAME_TEST, X);
+}
+
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::ATOMIC_BOOL_INIT;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
+
+static PRE_INIT_FLAG: AtomicBool = ATOMIC_BOOL_INIT;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref PRE_INIT: () = {
+        PRE_INIT_FLAG.store(true, SeqCst);
+        ()
+    };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pre_init() {
+    assert_eq!(PRE_INIT_FLAG.load(SeqCst), false);
+    lazy_static::initialize(&PRE_INIT);
+    assert_eq!(PRE_INIT_FLAG.load(SeqCst), true);
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref LIFETIME_NAME: for<'a> fn(&'a u8) = { fn f(_: &u8) {} f };
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lifetime_name() {
+    let _ = LIFETIME_NAME;
+}