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+// Copyright 2018 Developers of the Rand project.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use Rng;
+use distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
+
+/// Samples uniformly from the surface of the unit sphere in three dimensions.
+///
+/// Implemented via a method by Marsaglia[^1].
+///
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use rand::distributions::{UnitSphereSurface, Distribution};
+///
+/// let sphere = UnitSphereSurface::new();
+/// let v = sphere.sample(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+/// println!("{:?} is from the unit sphere surface.", v)
+/// ```
+///
+/// [^1]: Marsaglia, George (1972). [*Choosing a Point from the Surface of a
+/// Sphere.*](https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177692644)
+/// Ann. Math. Statist. 43, no. 2, 645--646.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct UnitSphereSurface {
+ uniform: Uniform<f64>,
+}
+
+impl UnitSphereSurface {
+ /// Construct a new `UnitSphereSurface` distribution.
+ #[inline]
+ pub fn new() -> UnitSphereSurface {
+ UnitSphereSurface { uniform: Uniform::new(-1., 1.) }
+ }
+}
+
+impl Distribution<[f64; 3]> for UnitSphereSurface {
+ #[inline]
+ fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> [f64; 3] {
+ loop {
+ let (x1, x2) = (self.uniform.sample(rng), self.uniform.sample(rng));
+ let sum = x1*x1 + x2*x2;
+ if sum >= 1. {
+ continue;
+ }
+ let factor = 2. * (1.0_f64 - sum).sqrt();
+ return [x1 * factor, x2 * factor, 1. - 2.*sum];
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use distributions::Distribution;
+ use super::UnitSphereSurface;
+
+ /// Assert that two numbers are almost equal to each other.
+ ///
+ /// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
+ /// debug representations.
+ macro_rules! assert_almost_eq {
+ ($a:expr, $b:expr, $prec:expr) => (
+ let diff = ($a - $b).abs();
+ if diff > $prec {
+ panic!(format!(
+ "assertion failed: `abs(left - right) = {:.1e} < {:e}`, \
+ (left: `{}`, right: `{}`)",
+ diff, $prec, $a, $b));
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn norm() {
+ let mut rng = ::test::rng(1);
+ let dist = UnitSphereSurface::new();
+ for _ in 0..1000 {
+ let x = dist.sample(&mut rng);
+ assert_almost_eq!(x[0]*x[0] + x[1]*x[1] + x[2]*x[2], 1., 1e-15);
+ }
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn value_stability() {
+ let mut rng = ::test::rng(2);
+ let dist = UnitSphereSurface::new();
+ assert_eq!(dist.sample(&mut rng),
+ [-0.24950027180862533, -0.7552572587896719, 0.6060825747478084]);
+ assert_eq!(dist.sample(&mut rng),
+ [0.47604534507233487, -0.797200864987207, -0.3712837328763685]);
+ assert_eq!(dist.sample(&mut rng),
+ [0.9795722330927367, 0.18692349236651176, 0.07414747571708524]);
+ }
+}