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+// Copyright 2018 Developers of the Rand project.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use Rng;
+use distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
+
+/// Samples uniformly from the edge of the unit circle in two dimensions.
+///
+/// Implemented via a method by von Neumann[^1].
+///
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use rand::distributions::{UnitCircle, Distribution};
+///
+/// let circle = UnitCircle::new();
+/// let v = circle.sample(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+/// println!("{:?} is from the unit circle.", v)
+/// ```
+///
+/// [^1]: von Neumann, J. (1951) [*Various Techniques Used in Connection with
+/// Random Digits.*](https://mcnp.lanl.gov/pdf_files/nbs_vonneumann.pdf)
+/// NBS Appl. Math. Ser., No. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
+/// Office, pp. 36-38.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct UnitCircle {
+ uniform: Uniform<f64>,
+}
+
+impl UnitCircle {
+ /// Construct a new `UnitCircle` distribution.
+ #[inline]
+ pub fn new() -> UnitCircle {
+ UnitCircle { uniform: Uniform::new(-1., 1.) }
+ }
+}
+
+impl Distribution<[f64; 2]> for UnitCircle {
+ #[inline]
+ fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> [f64; 2] {
+ let mut x1;
+ let mut x2;
+ let mut sum;
+ loop {
+ x1 = self.uniform.sample(rng);
+ x2 = self.uniform.sample(rng);
+ sum = x1*x1 + x2*x2;
+ if sum < 1. {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ let diff = x1*x1 - x2*x2;
+ [diff / sum, 2.*x1*x2 / sum]
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use distributions::Distribution;
+ use super::UnitCircle;
+
+ /// Assert that two numbers are almost equal to each other.
+ ///
+ /// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their
+ /// debug representations.
+ macro_rules! assert_almost_eq {
+ ($a:expr, $b:expr, $prec:expr) => (
+ let diff = ($a - $b).abs();
+ if diff > $prec {
+ panic!(format!(
+ "assertion failed: `abs(left - right) = {:.1e} < {:e}`, \
+ (left: `{}`, right: `{}`)",
+ diff, $prec, $a, $b));
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn norm() {
+ let mut rng = ::test::rng(1);
+ let dist = UnitCircle::new();
+ for _ in 0..1000 {
+ let x = dist.sample(&mut rng);
+ assert_almost_eq!(x[0]*x[0] + x[1]*x[1], 1., 1e-15);
+ }
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn value_stability() {
+ let mut rng = ::test::rng(2);
+ let dist = UnitCircle::new();
+ assert_eq!(dist.sample(&mut rng), [-0.8032118336637037, 0.5956935036263119]);
+ assert_eq!(dist.sample(&mut rng), [-0.4742919588505423, -0.880367615130018]);
+ assert_eq!(dist.sample(&mut rng), [0.9297328981467168, 0.368234623716601]);
+ }
+}